Guide to Layering - Part 4

Waterproofs

The most technically advanced outer layers will be waterproof AND breathable, meaning that whilst the fabric prevents water droplets (rain) entering from the outside, it also allows the release of some of the water vapour (perspiration) from the inside. 

So, how does the system work?

All waterproof fabrics have an outer layer (face fabric), its main function is to provide a flexible and durable outer shell. The inside of the face fabric is coated or laminated with a protective moisture barrier which keeps you dry and comfortable in wet conditions. The choice of face fabric and barriers determines the level of brathability and waterproofness. 

To understand why breathability can differ, we must first understand how breathable fabrics work. Fabrics don't breathe, they work by temperature differential. When the inside of the fabric is warmer than the outside, a driving force is created. The higher the differential, the higher the driving force and the more the fabric will 'breathe'. 

Because of the structure of the inner protective moisture barrier, it allows the smaller water vapour molecules (perspiration) to pass through, but prevents the liquid molecules (rain) from coming in. 

Breathability is measured as a rating of how much moisture vapour can pass through a fabric in a given time, usually measured in grams per sq m of fabric in a 24h period. For general recreational use, 10,000gm/m2/24h and above is desirable. 

The efficiency of a waterproof garment will depend on the quality and number of coatings applied and the fabric construction (eg a 3-layer laminate is more durable and efficient than a 2-layer laminate). 

Waterproofness is measured by testing a garment's resistance to water. This is referred to as "hydrostatic head" and means that if a a fabric can stop a 5 meter column of water penetrating, then it has a hydrostatic head of 5 meters or 5000mm (or it exceeds a water resistance rating of 5 meters hydrostatic pressure). 

To be truly waterproof, a garment should also have seams which are sealed against water entry (taped seams). 

Your choice of waterproof garment will depend on your level of activity, as you will need a more lightweight packable garment for ultra light mountaineering or other active sport, whereas extreme protection and waterproofness will be required for high altitude mountaineering. 

Guide to Layering - Part 3

Outer layer

The outer layer (often referred to as a shell) will need to protect you from the rain, keep you dry, keep out the

 wind, retain heat and release moisture from the previous layers. 

It also needs to offer durable protection against the abrasive effects of outdoor pursuits yet be light and comfortable enough to allow for sustained activity. 

Depending on the type and intensity of the activity you take part in, you will need to decide what features are more essential to you, as o one garment is capable of giving you all the above without compromise. 

For example, shell jackets (like our Vento garment) are lightweight, and offer highly breathable, fast-drying, wind resistant properties, but they will not have any insulating property. 

For mountaineering activities, you may opt for a sturdy, durable option that offers greater protection from the elements (see our Pfafflar range). 

In extreme cold, insulation will be a major requirement, as will waterproofness. For high intensity sports, like running or biking, the outer layer may be just windproof and not waterproof. This will increase breathability whilst maintaining protection from windchill. 

We also recommend looking out for features such as hoods, ventilation zips, draw cords, and removable inserts when choosing an outer layer. 

Properties

• Durable
  
• Fast drying
  
• Breathable
  
• Wind resistant
  
• Water repellent
  
• Elastic softshells
  

  

Guide to Layering - Part 2

Mid layer

The mid layer provides you with versatile insulation, using fabrics designed to keep you

warm, 

but without compromising on breathability to ensure effective moisture transportation through to the outer layer. 

In cold conditions, by adding or removing mid layers, you are able to maintain a comfortable body temperature. 

Mid layers range from lightweight fleeces to warm down-filled clothing. 

These fabrics offer the best warmth to weight ratio and are durable, water-resistant yet highly breathable. 

The Aero range is our lightest mid layer (L/S t-shirt = 140gms) and a classic in our range. Its very densely knit Micro-Meryl fibre is wind-resistant yet breathable and extremely comfortable. 

Our Aero Plus range is made of a heavier fleece-lined fabric, is thermally efficient and features a number of zipped garments to aid ventilation. 

Properties

• Lightweight 
  
• Breathable
  
• Efficient moisture management
  
• Soft and comfortable
  
• Thermally efficient
  
• Wind resistant
  

  

Guide to Layering - Part 1

Base Layer

This is the most important layer, as it sits 

next to the skin. When you start to use energy, the body starts to sweat. Without an efficient wicking layer, this moisture will be left next to the skin and create discomfort, leaving you cold and damp. 

Fast drying, synthetic fabrics efficiently move this perspiration away from the skin and then through each layer of your clothing. (Cotton garments should be avoided as they hold moisture and dry very slowly). 

Base layers (or thermals) are available in various weights of fabric (lighter for summer, eg Skinfit Klima.soft) and can be used on their own in milder conditions. 

The fabric construction of our Klima range (Isolfil 100% polypropylene) allows a greater circulation of air flow, which helps to regulate the body's temperature. It has a dual function, in that it offers extraordinary insulation properties in cold temperatures and also keeps you dry under the most extreme conditions. 

Properties

• Moisture wicking and evaporation 
  
• Breathable 
  
• Good insulating properties (for optimum microclimate)
  
• Easy care (wash at 95 degrees Celsuis - even for coloured garments)
  
• Quick drying
• Odour resistant